Tuesday, December 31, 2019

The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation - 917 Words

3.2 Theories Victor H. Vroom’s Theory (1964) developed the Expectancy Theory of Motivation. This theory is a behavioral theory that one behavior of an individual will be chosen over another type of behavior when positive performance will lead to desirable rewards. Figure 3.3 will illustrate the three components to this theory: expectancy, instrumentality, and valance, and show how the variables of Vroom’s theory is designed. Expectancy is the expectations how people perceive to meet the performance or goal. If expectations are too high, then expectations will be low and one will not try to meet the goals set. If expectations are felt to be beyond one’s ability to meet the goals, then motivation is low. If one feels that the goal is attainable and have the knowledge, then one will perform with the expectancy to achieve some type of reward. Instrumentality is the performance or outcome of the individual. If one feels they will be rewarded by being promote d, receive extra bonus, or pay increase, then performance expectations will be met. If the same promotion, pay raise, or bonus is given equally across the board then performance will become low. Valance is the value that the individual places on the rewards. If a person desires the reward, then performance will be motivated to obtain the goal. If the reward is undesirable, then performance and motivation will be low. Figure 3.3 J. Stacy Adams (1963) Equity Theory insinuates that employees input ofShow MoreRelatedThe Expectancy Theory of Motivation670 Words   |  3 PagesIn today’s workforce there are many reasons why individuals get up every day and go to work. For most it is because they have bills to pay and this leads to their motivation to work is for the outcome of a paycheck. That is true for most, but how does motivation apply to an individual once they are at work and must perform their daily duties? No matter that is painting houses or a high level CIO building the backbone of a fortune 500 company, these individuals’ performances are based on their expectationsRead MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation670 Words   |  3 PagesExpectancy Theory of Motivation In a business, what motivates employees to do their best? One theory that may explain the reasons why some employees seem more motivated than others is the Expectancy theory of motivation. The Expectancy theory operates under the assumption that employees will perform well based on self-belief and how much they desire the rewards their actions will render. Three key components and relationships in this theory determine how motivated an employee will choose to be:Read MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation714 Words   |  3 PagesExpectancy Theory of Motivation, an approach to improving performance. Mark R. Mattox Western Governors University Expectancy Theory of Motivation â€Å"Expectancy Theory - A theory that says that the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual.† (Judge 07/2012, p. 224) Explanation of the Three ComponentsRead MoreMotivation Theory And Expectancy Theory Of Motivation1742 Words   |  7 Pagesplace. This problem mainly occurs in organisation when there is lack of motivation, lack of organisational justice, negative culture and low morale. The purpose of this case study is to give brief view about, why employees had to face these problems and how to make positive culture and what and where the changes are required for the WA force. This report introduces MARS motivation theory and Expectancy theory of motivation for improves officers’ behaviours towards force, with that how can they fillRead MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation Essay652 Words   |  3 PagesThe expectancy theory of motivation, which was first produced by Victor Vroom, has become a generally accepted theory for explaining how individuals make decisions concerning different behavioural alternatives. According to Vroom to motivate someone mere offer a person something to satisfy his important needs will not be adequate. In order for the person to be motivated, he must also be convincingly sure that he has the ability to obtain the reward. An employee’s motivation increases when he valuesRead MoreThe Vroom Expectancy Motivation Theory Essay763 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen some lack of motivation from Paul. According to Robbins, S. P. Judge, (184). Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual’s intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal. In this paper, I will use the Vroom Expectancy Motivation Theory to explain Jeannine Savaria’s motivation and what can her supervisor do to improve her motivation. Savaria’s motivation can be supported through the Vroom Expectancy Motivation Theory. This theory links the performanceRead MoreThe Expectancy Theory Of Employee Motivation868 Words   |  4 Pages This approach of recognizing and rewarding employees for their performance was first introduced by Victor Vroom in 1964 known as the Expectancy Theory. When employees are engaged they will exceed organizational expectations and function with a sense of ownership in their place of employment (Malik, (2012). Hema and Washington (2014) state, employee motivation is gained when subordinates are empowered; giving staff power and authority to make the choices without having to wait for management’sRead MoreMotivation, Self Determination Theory, And Expectancy Theory863 Words   |  4 Pages(2001-2016). Motivational theories can help support an employee to progress in the workplace; a few theories such as Extrinsic Motivation, Intrinsic Motivation, Acquired Needs Theory, Self -Determination theory, and expectancy theory relate to my professional life. I will explain if I agree/disagree with my PsyCap self-assessment and some developing strategies to advance in my career using my strengths. Also, I will talk about how I can employ goal-setting to increase motivation, and how my engagementsRead MoreExpectancy Theory of Motivation at Use in the Workplace1229 Words   |  5 Pages1 EXPECTANCY THEORY OF MOTIVATION AT USE IN THE WORKPLACE Leadership Concepts and Applications LET1 Student#: March 30, 2012 2 What is Motivation? Motivation is a word popularly used to explain why people behave as they do. Some psychologists and scientists view motivation as the factor that determines behavior, as expressed in the phrase â€Å"all behavior is motivated† (World Book, 1992). Some scientists view motivation as the factor that energizes behavior. According to this

Sunday, December 22, 2019

The Global Wine War - 9914 Words

9-910-405 AUGUST 13, 2009 CHRISTOPHER A. BARTLETT â€Å"We have the people, expertise, technology and commitment to gain global preeminence for Australian wine by 2025. It will come by anticipating the market, influencing consumer demand, and building on our strategy of sustainable growth.† — Sam Toley, CEO of Australian Wine and Brandy Corporation. â€Å"By phasing out the buyback of excess wine and increasing incentives for farmers to uproot their vines, the EC reforms will only bring in the New World’s agro-industry model. We need to protect the age-old European model built on traditional vineyards.† — Jean-Louis Piton, Copa-Cogeca Farmers Association. In 2009, these two views reflected some of the very different sentiments unleashed by†¦show more content†¦During the French Revolution, many large estates were seized, divided, and sold at auction. And after 1815, the Napoleonic inheritance code prescribed how land had to be passed on to all rightful heirs. By the mid-19th century, the a verage holding in France was 5.5 ha. and was still being subdivided. (In Italy, similar events left the average vineyard at 0.8 ha.) While the largest estates made their own wine, most small farmers sold their grapes to the local wine maker or vintner. With payment based on weight, there was little incentive to pursue quality by reducing yield. Some small growers formed cooperatives, hoping to participate in wine making’s downstream profit, but grape growing and wine making remained highly fragmented. Distribution and Marketing Traditionally, wine was sold in bulk to merchant traders—nà ©gociants in France—who often blended and bottled the product before distributing it. But poor roads and complex toll and tax systems made cross-border shipping extremely expensive. In the early 19th century, for example, a shipment of wine from Strasbourg to the Dutch border had to pass through 31 toll stations.2 And since wine did not travel well, much of it spoiled on the long journeys. As a result, only the most sophisticated nà ©gociants could handle exports, and only the rich could afford the imported luxury. Late 18th century innovations suchShow MoreRelatedGlobal Wine Wars1177 Words   |  5 PagesMarket Analysis: Global Wine Wars-New World Challenges Old Global Wine Wars: New World Challenges Old   This case describes the global development of wine industry, and how new world wine players occupied the global market share from old world wine producer gradually. It is very interesting that author selected the Britain as the sample stage for the battle between the new world wine campaign and the traditional campaign.   Nowadays, in the â€Å"Old World† countries of Europe, where the bulk of theRead MoreGlobal Wine War2166 Words   |  9 PagesCASE: GLOBAL WINE WARS (A) Question 1 During the last decades, some remarkable evolutions of the global wine industry have dramatically influenced the base of the industry structure, with technological update, innovation, and new players coming in, the wine market as well as the competition within this market have come to a new dimension. In the following, we will analyze briefly the main points of this evolution and group those points into several categories. Change on the demand side † DemandRead MoreGlobal Wine Wars1203 Words   |  5 PagesADVANCED MARKETING MANAGEMENT CASE REPORT: Global Wine Wars: New World Challenges Old (Harvard Business School Case # 9-303-056) NMI 1. How did the French become the dominant competitors in the increasingly global wine industry for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage were they able to develop to support their exports? Where were they vulnerable? French wine makers also face challenges that are not internal to the industry. For instance, France lost market share in the UnitedRead MoreGlobal Wine War2088 Words   |  9 PagesGlobal Wine War By Christopher A. Bartlett Case Analysis Report Introduction The concept of production and sale of wine was originated in the European countries known as the old world according to the article Global Wine War 2009: New Word versus Old these are; France, Italy, Spain and Greece. Here the wine culture was developed mainly due to the habits of religion and high society which caused them to have the highest consumption per capita in the world, creating a very attractive andRead MoreGlobal Wine War6128 Words   |  25 PagesIntroduction Human beings have been dealing with wine for thousands of years, from the Mesopotamians to the ancient Egyptians, from the Greeks to the ancient Romans, the latter which under their vast empire spread viticulture through the Mediterranean region. Through centuries countries, such as France and Italy, obtained a consolidated position in the wine industry, both in demand and production. In the last part of the 20th century newcomers (Australia, South Africa, NewRead MoreGlobal Wine War 20091298 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Wine War 2009 : New World versus Old How were the French able to dominate the worldwide wine trade for centuries ? What sources of competitive advantage did they develop to support their exports ? France and the Mediterranean region is closely tied to the Wine History. It has started since the Roman Empire, and has been fully integrated to the European culture with the Christian era : Monasteries planted vines and built wineries. The nobility started also planting vineyards as a mark ofRead MoreGlobal Wine Wars1815 Words   |  8 Pagesincreasingly global wine industry for centuries? What sources of competitive advantage were they able to develop to support their exports? Where were they vulnerable? â€Å"By the Christian era, wine became part of the liturgical services, and monasteries planted vines and built wineries. By the Middle Ages, the European nobility began planting vineyards as a mark of prestige, competing with one another in the quality of wine served at their tables – the first niche market for premium wine.† The FrenchRead MoreGlobal Wine Wars1857 Words   |  8 Pagesthe global wine industry due to the low effect of the five forces of competition. The main barriers to entry that kept the threat of competitors low for the French were incumbency advantages, unequal access to distribution channels and restrictive government policies. This first barrier, incumbency advantages, can be explained by the domestic French Wine Industry in the late 18th to mid 19th century that was already supporting 1.5 million families for both the growing of grapes and other wine-relatedRead MoreGlobal Wine Wars Essay2235 Words   |  9 Pages1. Briefly describe the chang ing economic geography of the global wine industry in terms of production, distribution and consumption. The Global wine industry has undergone a monumental change in terms consumer demand and more importantly in the ways it is produced and sold. The consumption, distribution and production has migrated away from the restrictions and regulations of the Old World to the New World ways of smart marketing, branding and serving to customers preferences. Middle agesRead MoreGlobal Wine War Analysis1010 Words   |  5 PagesChampaign. The experience of France as a quality wine producer going back to the middle ages can be regarded as a source of competitive advantage. Another source is the strong wine culture in France creating a positive image for customers. The wine industry by itself is a very important economic factor in France, in the mid 18th century the wine industry accounted for 17% of the overall industry. As a consequence, in 1855 the government classified wine yard into five different levels of quality. This

Saturday, December 14, 2019

Lamb The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 27 Free Essays

Chapter 27 The angel and I watched Star Wars for the second time on television last night, and I just had to ask. â€Å"You’ve been in God’s presence, right, Raziel?† â€Å"Of course.† â€Å"Do you think he sounds like James Earl Jones?† â€Å"Who’s that?† â€Å"Darth Vader. We will write a custom essay sample on Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 27 or any similar topic only for you Order Now † Raziel listened for a moment while Darth Vader threatened someone. â€Å"Sure, a little. He doesn’t breathe that heavy though.† â€Å"And you’ve seen God’s face.† â€Å"Yes.† â€Å"Is he black?† â€Å"I’m not allowed to say.† â€Å"He is, isn’t he? If he wasn’t you’d just say he wasn’t.† â€Å"I’m not allowed to say.† â€Å"He is.† â€Å"He doesn’t wear a hat like that,† said Raziel. â€Å"Ah-ha!† â€Å"All I’m saying is no hat. That’s all I’m saying.† â€Å"I knew it.† â€Å"I don’t want to watch this anymore.† Raziel switched the channel. God (or someone who sounded like him) said, â€Å"This is CNN.† We came up to Jerusalem, in the gate at Bethsaida called the Eye of the Needle, where you had to duck down to pass through, out the Golden Gate, through the Kidron Valley, and over the Mount of Olives into Bethany. We had left the brothers and Matthew behind because they had jobs, and Bartholomew because he stank. His lack of cleanliness had started to draw attention lately from the local Pharisees in Capernaum and we didn’t want to push the issue since we were walking into the lair of the enemy. Philip and Nathaniel joined us on our journey, but stayed behind on the Mount of Olives at a clearing called Gethsemane, where there was a small cave and an olive press. Joshua tried to convince me to stay with them, but I insisted. â€Å"I’ll be fine,† Joshua said. â€Å"It’s not my time. Jakan won’t try anything, it’s just dinner.† â€Å"I’m not worried about your safety, Josh, I just want to see Maggie.† I did want to see Maggie, but I was worried about Joshua’s safety as well. Either way, I wasn’t staying behind. Jakan met us at the gate wearing a new white tunic belted with a blue sash. He was stocky, but not as fat as I expected him to be, and almost exactly my height. His beard was black and long, but had been cut straight across about the level of his collarbone. He wore the pointed linen cap worn by many of the Pharisees, so I couldn’t tell if he’d lost any of his hair. The fringe that hung down was dark brown, as were his eyes. The most frightening and perhaps the most surprising thing about him was that there was a spark of intelligence in his eyes. That hadn’t been there when we were children. Perhaps seventeen years with Maggie had rubbed off on him. â€Å"Come in, fellow Nazarenes. Welcome to my home. There are some friends inside who wanted to meet you.† He led us through the door into a large great room, large enough in fact to fit any two of the houses we shared at Capernaum. The floor was paved in tile with turquoise and red mosaic spirals in the corners of the room (no pictures, of course). There was a long Roman-style table at which five other men, all dressed like Jakan, sat. (In Jewish households the tables were close to the ground and diners reclined on cushions or on the floor around them.) I didn’t see Maggie anywhere, but a serving girl brought in large pitchers of water and bowls for us to wash our hands in. â€Å"Let this water stay water, will you, Joshua?† Jakan said, smiling. â€Å"We can’t wash in wine.† Jakan introduced us to each of the men, adding some sort of elaborate title to each of their names that I didn’t catch, but which indicated, I’m sure, that they were all members of the Sanhedrin as well as the Council of Pharisees. Ambush. They received us curtly, then made their way to the water bowls to wash their hands before dinner, all of them watching as Joshua and I washed and offered prayer. This, after all, was part of the test. We sat. The water pitchers and bowls were taken away by the serving girl, who then brought pitchers of wine. â€Å"So,† said the eldest of the Pharisees, â€Å"I hear you have been casting demons out of the afflicted in Galilee.† â€Å"Yes, we’re having a lovely Passover week,† I said. â€Å"And you?† Joshua kicked me under the table. â€Å"Yes,† he said. â€Å"By the power of my father I have relieved the suffering of some who were plagued by demons.† When Joshua said â€Å"my father† every one of them squirmed. I noticed movement in one of the doorways to Jakan’s back. It was Maggie, making signals and signs like a madwoman, but then Jakan spoke. Attention turned to him and Maggie ducked out of sight. Jakan leaned forward. â€Å"Some have said that you banish these demons by the power of Beelzebub.† â€Å"And how could I do that?† Joshua said, getting a little angry. â€Å"How could I turn Beelzebub against himself? How can I battle Satan with Satan? A house divided can’t stand.† â€Å"Boy, I’m starving,† I said. â€Å"Bring on the eats.† â€Å"With the spirit of God I cast out demons, that’s how you know the kingdom has come.† They didn’t want to hear that. Hell, I didn’t want to hear that, not here. If Joshua claimed to bring the kingdom, then he was claiming to be the Messiah, which by their way of thinking could be blasphemy, a crime punishable by death. It was one thing for them to hear it secondhand, it was quite another to have Joshua say it to their faces. But he, as usual, was unafraid. â€Å"Some say John the Baptist is the Messiah,† said Jakan. â€Å"There’s nobody better than John,† Joshua said. â€Å"But John doesn’t baptize with the Holy Ghost. I do.† They all looked at each other. They had no idea what he was talking about. Joshua had been preaching the Divine Spark – the Holy Ghost – for two years, but it was a new way of looking at God and the kingdom: it was a change. These legalists had worked hard to find their place of power; they weren’t interested in change. Food was put on the table and prayers offered again, then we ate in silence for a while. Maggie was in the doorway behind Jakan again, gesturing with one hand walking over the other, mouthing words that I was supposed to understand. I had something I wanted to give her, but I had to see her in private. It was obvious that Jakan had forbidden her to enter the room. â€Å"Your disciples do not wash their hands before they eat!† said one of the Pharisees, a fat man with a scar over his eye. Bart, I thought. â€Å"It’s not what goes into a man that defiles him,† Joshua said, â€Å"it’s what comes out.† He broke off some of the flatbread and dipped it into a bowl of oil. â€Å"He means lies,† I said. â€Å"I know,† said the old Pharisee. â€Å"You were thinking something disgusting, don’t lie.† The Pharisees passed the â€Å"no, your turn, no, it’s your turn† look around the room. Joshua chewed his bread slowly, then said, â€Å"Why wash the outside of the urn, if there’s decay on the inside?† â€Å"Yeah, like you rotting hypocrites!† I added, with more enthusiasm than was probably called for. â€Å"Quit helping!† Josh said. â€Å"Sorry. Nice wine. Manischewitz?† My shouting evidently stirred them out of their malaise. The old Pharisee said, â€Å"You consort with demons, Joshua of Nazareth. This Levi was seen to cause blood to come from a Pharisee’s nose and a knife to break of its own, and no one even saw him move.† Joshua looked at me, then at them, then at me again. â€Å"You forget to tell me something?† â€Å"He was being an emrod, so I popped him.† (â€Å"Emrod† is the biblical term for hemorrhoid.) I heard Maggie’s giggling from the other room. Joshua turned back to the creeps. â€Å"Levi who is called Biff has studied the art of the soldier in the East,† Joshua said. â€Å"He can move swiftly, but he is not a demon.† I stood up. â€Å"The invitation was for dinner, not a trial.† â€Å"This is no trial,† said Jakan, calmly. â€Å"We have heard of Joshua’s miracles, and we have heard that he breaks the Law. We simply want to ask him by whose authority he does these things. This is dinner, otherwise, why would you be here?† I was wondering that myself, but Joshua answered me by pushing me down in my seat and proceeding to answer their accusations for another two hours, crafting parables and throwing their own piety back in their faces. While Joshua spoke the word of God, I did sleight-of-hand tricks with the bread and the vegetables, just to mess with them. Maggie came to the doorway and signaled me, pointing frantically to the front door and making threatening, head-bashing gestures which I took to be the consequences for my not understanding her this time. â€Å"Well, I’ve got to go see a man about a camel, if you’ll excuse me.† I stepped out the front door. As soon as I closed it behind me I was hit with the spraying girl-spit of a violently whispering woman. â€Å"YoustupidsonofabitchwhatthefuckdidyouthinkIwastryingtosaytoyou?† She punched me in the arm. Hard. â€Å"No kiss?† I whispered. â€Å"Where can I meet you, after?† â€Å"You can’t. Here, take this.† I handed her a small leather pouch. â€Å"There’s a parchment inside to tell you what to do.† â€Å"I want to see you two.† â€Å"You will. Do what the note says. I have to go back in.† â€Å"You bastard.† Punch in the arm. Hard. I forgot what I was doing and entered the house still rubbing my bruised shoulder. â€Å"Levi, have you injured yourself?† â€Å"No, Jakan, but sometimes I strain a shoulder muscle just shaking this monster off.† The Pharisees hated that one. I realized that they were waiting for me to request water so I could go through the whole hand-washing ritual before I sat down to the table again. I stood there, thinking about it, rubbing my shoulder, waiting. How long could it possibly take to read a note? It seemed like a long time, with them staring at me, but I’m sure it was only a few minutes. Then it came, the scream. Maggie let go from the next room, long and high and loud, a virtuoso scream of terror and panic and madness. I bent over and whispered into Joshua’s ear, â€Å"Just follow my lead. No, just don’t do anything. Nothing.† â€Å"But – â€Å" The Pharisees all looked like someone had dropped hot coals into their laps as the scream went on, and on. Maggie had great sustain. Before Jakan could get up to investigate, there came my girl – still shrieking, I might add – a lovely green foam running out of her mouth, her dress torn and hanging in shreds on her blood-streaked body and blood running from the corners of her eyes. She screamed in Jakan’s face and rolled her eyes, then leapt onto the table and growled as she kicked every piece of crockery off onto the floor where it shattered. The servant girl ran through screaming, â€Å"Demons have taken her, demons have taken her!† then bolted out the front door. Maggie started screeching again, then ran up and down the length of the table, urinating as she went. (Nice touch, I would never have thought of that.) The Pharisees had backed up against the wall, including Jakan, as Maggie fell on her back on the table, thrashing and growling and screaming obscenities while splattering the front of their white cloaks with green foam, urine, and blood. â€Å"Devils! She’s been possessed by devils. Lots of them,† I shouted. â€Å"Seven,† Maggie said between growls. â€Å"Looks like seven,† I said. â€Å"Doesn’t it, Josh?† I grabbed the back of Joshua’s hair and sort of made him nod in agreement. No one was really watching him anyway, as Maggie was now spouting impressive fountains of green foam both out of her mouth and from between her legs. (Again, a nice touch I wouldn’t have thought of.) She settled into a vibrating fit rhythm, with barking and obscenities for counterpoint. â€Å"Well, Jakan,† I said politely, â€Å"thank you for dinner. It’s been lovely but we have to be going.† I pulled Joshua to his feet by his collar. He was a little perplexed himself. Not terrified like our host, but perplexed. â€Å"Wait,† Jakan said. â€Å"Festering dog penis!† Maggie snarled to no one in particular, but I think everyone knew who she meant. â€Å"Oh, all right, we’ll try to help her,† I said. â€Å"Joshua, grab an arm.† I pushed him forward and Maggie grabbed his wrist. I went around to the other side of the table and got hold of her other arm. â€Å"We have to get her out of this house of defilement.† Maggie’s fingernails bit into my arm as I lifted her up and she pulled herself along on Josh’s wrist, pretending to thrash and fight. I dragged her out the front door and into the courtyard. â€Å"Make an effort, Joshua, would you,† Maggie whispered. Jakan and the Pharisees bunched at the door. â€Å"We need to take her into the wilderness to safely cast out the devils,† I shouted. I dragged her, and Joshua for that matter, into the street and kicked the heavy gate closed. Maggie relaxed and stood up. A mound of green foam cascaded off of her chest. â€Å"Don’t relax yet, Maggie. When we’re farther away.† â€Å"Pork-eating goat fucker!† â€Å"That’s the spirit.† â€Å"Hi, Maggie,† Joshua said, taking her arm and finally helping me drag. â€Å"I think it went really well for short notice,† I said. â€Å"You know, Pharisees make the best witnesses.† â€Å"Let’s go to my brother’s house,† she whispered. â€Å"We can send word that I’m incurable from there. â€Å"Rat molester!† â€Å"It’s okay, Maggie, we’re out of range now.† â€Å"I know. I was talking to you. Why’d you take seventeen years to get me out of there?† â€Å"You’re beautiful in green, did I ever tell you that?† â€Å"I’ve got to think that that was unethical,† Joshua said. â€Å"Josh, faking demonic possession is like a mustard seed.† â€Å"How is it like a mustard seed?† â€Å"You don’t know, do you? Doesn’t seem at all like a mustard seed, does it? Now you see how we all feel when you liken things unto a mustard seed? Huh?† At Simon the Leper’s house Joshua went to the door first by himself so Maggie’s appearance didn’t scare the humus out of her brother and sister. Martha answered the door. â€Å"Shalom, Martha. I’m Joshua bar Joseph, of Nazareth. Remember me from the wedding in Cana? I’ve brought your sister Maggie.† â€Å"Let me see.† Martha tapped her fingernail on her chin while she searched her memory in the night sky. â€Å"Were you the one who changed the water into wine? Son of God, was it?† â€Å"There’s no need to be that way,† Joshua said. I popped my head around Josh’s shoulder. â€Å"I gave your sister a powder that sort of foamed her up all red and green. She’s a bit nasty-looking right now.† â€Å"I’m sure that becomes her,† said Martha, with an exasperated sigh. â€Å"Come in.† She led us inside. I stood by the door while Joshua sat on the floor by the table. Martha took Maggie to the back of the house to help her clean up. It was a large house by our country standards, but not nearly as big as Jakan’s. Still, Simon had done well for the son of a blacksmith. I didn’t see Simon anywhere. â€Å"Come sit at the table,† Joshua said. â€Å"Nope, I’m fine by the door here.† â€Å"What’s the matter?† â€Å"Do you know whose house this is?† â€Å"Of course, Maggie’s brother Simon’s.† I lowered my voice. â€Å"imon-Say the eper-Lay.† â€Å"Come sit down. I’ll watch over you.† â€Å"Nope. I’m fine here.† Just then Simon came in from the other room carrying a pitcher of wine and a tray of cups in his rag-wrapped hands. White linen covered his face except for his eyes, which were as clear and blue as Maggie’s. â€Å"Welcome, Joshua, Levi – it’s been a long time.† We’d known Simon as boys, spending as much time as we did hanging around Maggie’s father’s shop, but he had been older, learning his father’s craft then, and far too serious to be associating with boys. In my memory he was strong and tall, but now the leprosy had bent him over like an old woman. Simon set the cups down and poured for the three of us. I remained against the wall by the door. â€Å"Martha doesn’t take well to serving,† Simon said, by way of apologizing for doing the serving himself. â€Å"She tells me that you turned water into wine at the wedding in Cana.† â€Å"Simon,† Joshua said, â€Å"I can heal your affliction, if you’ll allow me.† â€Å"What affliction?† He lay down at the table across from Joshua. â€Å"Biff, come sit with us.† He patted a cushion next to him and I ducked in the event that fingers started flying. â€Å"I understand that Jakan used my sister as bait for a trap for you two.† â€Å"Not much of a trap,† Joshua said. â€Å"You expected that?† I asked. â€Å"I thought there would be more, the whole Pharisee council perhaps. I wanted to answer them directly, not have my words passed through a dozen spies and rumormongers. I also wanted to see if there would be any Sadducees there.† Just then I realized what Joshua had already figured out: the Sadducees, the priests, weren’t involved in Jakan’s little surprise inquisition. They had been born to their power, and were not as easily threatened as the working-class Pharisees. And the Sadducees were the more powerful half of the Sanhedrin, the ones who commanded the soldiers of the Temple guard. Without the priests, the Pharisees were vipers without fangs, for now anyway. â€Å"I hope we haven’t brought the judgment of the Pharisees down on your head, Simon,† Joshua said. Simon waved a hand in dismissal. â€Å"Not to worry. There’ll be no Pharisees coming here. Jakan is terrified of me, and if he really believes that Maggie is possessed, and if his friends believe it, well, I’d bet he’s divorced her already.† â€Å"She can come back to Galilee with us,† I said, looking at Joshua, who looked at Simon, as if to ask permission. â€Å"She may do as she wishes.† â€Å"What I wish is to get out of Bethany before Jakan comes to his senses,† Maggie said, coming from the other room. She wore a simple woolen dress and her hair was still dripping. There was still green goo on her sandals. She came across the room, knelt down, and gave her brother a huge hug, then a kiss on the eyebrow. â€Å"If he comes by or sends word, you’ll tell him I’m still here.† I sensed Simon was smiling under the veil. â€Å"You don’t think he’ll want to come in and look around?† â€Å"The coward,† Maggie spat. â€Å"Amen,† I said. â€Å"How did you stay with a creep like that all of these years?† â€Å"After the first year he didn’t want to be anywhere near me. Unclean, don’t you know? I told him I was bleeding.† â€Å"For all those years?† â€Å"Sure. Do you think he would embarrass himself among the members of the Pharisee council by asking them about their own wives?† Joshua said, â€Å"I can heal you of that affliction, if you’ll allow me, Maggie.† â€Å"What affliction?† â€Å"You should go,† Simon said. â€Å"I’ll send word about what Jakan has done as soon as I know. If he hasn’t done it already, I have a friend who will plant the idea that if he doesn’t divorce Maggie his place on the Sanhedrin might be questioned.† Simon and Martha waved to us from the doorway, Martha looking like a compact ghost of her older sister and Simon just looking like a ghost. And thus did we become eleven. There was a full moon and a sky full of stars thrown over us as we walked back to Gethsemane. From the top of the Mount of Olives we could see across the Kidron Valley to the Temple. Black smoke streamed into the sky from the sacrificial fires which the priests tended day and night. I held Maggie’s hand as we walked through the grove of ancient olive trees and out into the clearing near the oil press where we camped. Philip and Nathaniel had built a fire and there were two strangers sitting by it with them. They all stood up as we approached. Philip glared at me, which baffled me until I remembered that he’d been with us at Cana, and seen Joshua and Maggie dancing at the wedding. He thought I was trying to steal Joshua’s girl. I let her hand go. â€Å"Master,† said Nathaniel, tossing his yellow hair, â€Å"new disciples. These are Thaddeus and Thomas the Twins.† Thaddaeus stepped up to Joshua. He was about my height and age, and wore a tattered woolen tunic and looked especially gaunt, as if he might be starving. His hair was cut short like a Roman’s, but it looked as if someone had cut it with a dull piece of flint. Somehow he looked familiar. â€Å"Rabbi, I heard you preach when you were with John. I have been with him for two years.† A follower of John, that’s where I knew him from, although I didn’t remember meeting him. That explained the hungry look as well. â€Å"Welcome, Thaddaeus,† Joshua said. â€Å"These are Biff and Mary Magdalene, disciples and friends.† â€Å"Call me Maggie,† Maggie said. Joshua stepped over to Thomas the Twins, who was only one guy, younger, perhaps twenty, his beard still like soft down in places, his clothes finer than any of ours. â€Å"And Thomas.† â€Å"Don’t, you’re standing on Thomas Two,† Thomas squealed. Nathaniel pushed Joshua aside and whispered in his ear a little too loudly. â€Å"He sees his twin but no one else can. You said to show mercy, so I haven’t told him that he’s mad.† â€Å"And so you shall be shown mercy, Nathaniel,† Joshua said. â€Å"So we won’t tell you that you’re a ninny,† I added. â€Å"Welcome, Thomas,† Joshua said, embracing the boy. â€Å"And Thomas Two,† Thomas said. â€Å"Forgive me. Welcome, Thomas Two, as well,† said Joshua to a perfectly empty spot in space. â€Å"Come to Galilee and help us spread the good news.† â€Å"He’s over there,† said Thomas, pointing to a different spot, equally empty. And thus did we become thirteen. On the trip back to Capernaum Maggie told us about her life, about the dreams she had set aside, and about a child that had died in the first year of her marriage. I could see Joshua was shaken when he heard of the child, and I knew he was thinking that if we hadn’t taken off to the East, he would have been there to save it. â€Å"After that,† Maggie said, â€Å"Jakan didn’t come near me. There was bleeding right after the baby died, and as far as he knew it never stopped. He’s always been afraid that someone might think that there’s a curse on his house, so my duties as a wife were public only. It’s a double-edged sword for him. In order to appear dutiful I had to go to the synagogue and to the women’s court in the Temple, but if they thought I was going there while I was bleeding I would have been driven out, maybe stoned, and Jakan would have been shamed. Who knows what he’ll do now.† â€Å"He’ll divorce you,† I said. â€Å"He’ll have to if he wants to save face with the Pharisees and the Sanhedrin.† Strangely enough, it was Joshua who I had trouble consoling about Maggie’s lost child. She’d lived with the loss for years, cried over it, allowed it to heal as much as it would, but the wound was fresh for Joshua. He walked far behind us, shunning the new disciples who pranced around him like excited puppies. I could tell that he was talking to his father, and it didn’t seem to be going well. â€Å"Go talk to him,† Maggie said. â€Å"It wasn’t his fault. It was God’s will.† â€Å"That’s why he feels responsible,† I said. We hadn’t explained to Maggie about the Holy Ghost, the kingdom, all the changes that Joshua wanted to bring to mankind, and how those were at odds, at times, with the Torah. â€Å"Go talk to him,† she said. I fell back in our column, past Philip and Thaddaeus, who were trying to explain to Nathaniel that it was his own voice he heard when he put his fingers in his ears and spoke, and not the voice of God, and past Thomas, who was having an animated discussion with empty air. I walked along beside Joshua for a while before I spoke, and then I tried to sound matter-of-fact. â€Å"You had to go to the East, Joshua. You know that now.† â€Å"I didn’t have to go right then. That was cowardly. Would it have been so bad to watch her marry Jakan? To see her child born?† â€Å"Yes, it would have. You can’t save everyone.† â€Å"Have you been asleep these last twenty years?† â€Å"Have you? Unless you can change the past, you’re wasting the present on this guilt. If you don’t use what you learned in the East then maybe we shouldn’t have gone. Maybe leaving Israel was cowardly.† I felt my face go numb as if the blood had drained from it. Had I said that? So, we walked along for a while in silence, not looking at each other. I counted birds, listened to the murmur of the disciples’ voices ahead, watched Maggie’s ass move under her dress as she walked, not really enjoying the elegance of it. â€Å"Well, I, for one, feel better,† said Joshua finally. â€Å"Thanks for cheering me up.† â€Å"Glad to help,† I said. We arrived in Capernaum on the morning of the fifth day after leaving Bethany. Peter and the others had been preaching the good news to the people on the shore of Galilee and there was a crowd of perhaps five hundred people waiting for us. The tension had passed between Joshua and me and the rest of the journey had been pleasant, if for no other reason than we got to hear Maggie laugh and tease us. My jealousy of Joshua returned, but somehow it wasn’t bitter. It was more like familiar grief for a distant loss, not the sword-in-the-heart, rending-of-flesh agony of a heartbreak. I could actually leave the two of them alone and talk to other people – think of other things. Maggie loved Joshua, that was assured, but she loved me as well, and there was no way to divine how that might manifest. By following Joshua we had already divorced ourselves of the expectations of normal existence. Marriage, home, family: they were not part of the life we had chosen, Joshua made that cl ear to all of his disciples. Yes, some of them were married, and some even preached with their wives at their sides, but what set them apart from the multitudes who would follow Joshua was that they had stepped off the path of their own lives to spread the Word. It was to the Word that I lost Maggie, not to Joshua. As exhausted as he was, as hungry, Joshua preached to them. They had been waiting for us and he wouldn’t disappoint them. He climbed into one of Peter’s boats, rowed out from the shore far enough for the crowd to be able to see him, and he preached to them about the kingdom for two hours. When he had finished, and had sent the crowd on their way, two newcomers waited among the disciples. They were both compact, strong-looking men in their mid-twenties. One was clean-shaven and wore his hair cut short, so that it formed a helmet of ringlets on his head; the other had long hair with his beard plaited and curled in the style I had seen on some Greeks. Although they wore no jewelry, and their clothes were no more fancy than my own, there was an air of wealth about them both. I thought it might have been power, but if it was, it wasn’t the self-conscious power of the Pharisees. If nothing else, they were self-assured. The one with the long hair approached Joshua and kneeled before him. â€Å"Rabbi, we’ve heard you speak of the coming of the kingdom and we want to join you. We want to help spread the Word.† Joshua looked at the man for a long time, smiling to himself, before he spoke. He took the man by the shoulders and lifted him. â€Å"Stand up. You are welcome, friends.† The stranger seemed baffled. He looked back at his friend, then at me, as if I had some answer to his confusion. â€Å"This is Simon,† he said, nodding toward his friend. â€Å"My name is Judas Iscariot.† â€Å"I know who you are,† Joshua said. â€Å"I’ve been waiting for you.† And so we became fifteen: Joshua, Maggie, and me; Bartholomew, the Cynic; Peter and Andrew, John and James, the fishermen; Matthew, the tax collector; Nathaniel of Cana, the young nitwit; Philip and Thaddeus, who had been followers of John the Baptist; Thomas the twin, who was a loony; and the Zealots, Simon the Canaanite and Judas Iscariot. Fifteen went out into Galilee to preach the Holy Ghost, the coming of the kingdom, and the good news that the Son of God had arrived. How to cite Lamb: The Gospel According to Biff, Christ’s Childhood Pal Chapter 27, Essay examples

Friday, December 6, 2019

Independent Contractors Employees Retrieve â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Independent Contractors Employees Retrieve? Answer: Introducation The contract law of Australia has been adopted from the corresponding law of England with some modifications and developments. Under the Australia contract law the essential ingredients to form a valid contract enforceable in the courts of law are identical to those which are basically required in other accounting. The essentials required to form a contract are as follows: Agreement Agreement is the first requirement to form a legally binding contract. An agreement is formed when an offer or a proposal is made by one person by expressing his willingness to another to do or not to do a certain act with an intention and in order to get an acceptance from that other person to whom such an offer is made. The person making the offer is called an offeror while the person to whom the offer is made is called an offeree. When the offeree accepts to act according to the willingness of the offeror, an agreement is said to have come into existence. Such an agreement may be for lawful or unlawful purpose (Treitel, 2003) Consideration One of the most essential ingredient to form a legally binding contract is consideration. Consideration is anything which is given in lieu of the promise of act or omission. An management is incomplete without consideration having been attached to it. A lawful consideration shall be attached to an agreement to make it legally enforceable. A consideration may be anything which has monetary value (Treitel,2003). Capacity The term capacity means the capability of a person to enter into a contract. The law prohibits certain persons from entering into a contract for the reason that they are incapable of understanding the legal consequences of the contract. Under law a person who is of sound mind and has attained the age of majority as required under the law by which he is governed and has not been prohibited under any law from entering into a contract may become party to a legally binding contract (Treitel, 2003). For the purpose of entering into a legally binding contract the most essential ingredient is an intention to enter into legal relations and to bind each other with the rights and obligations attached to the contract (Treitel,2003). The term certainty implies that the terms of the contract shall be certain and not ambiguous so as to make the contract void. An ambiguous contract will make the contract void (Treitel, 2003). A contract, in order to be legally enforceable, is not required to be put into a written form. The essential requirements to make a contract legally binding are offer and acceptance, consideration, capacity of the parties, intention to enter into legal relations and certainty of the terms of the contract (Nolo, 2006). A contract can be made orally or in writing as per the desire of the parties to the contract. An exception to the rule is formal contracts (Bruce, 2014). Both the types of contract, i.e., oral and written contracts, are equally binding without any discrimination. Both the types of contract are equally enforceable in the courts of law. The oral contracts are a bit complex to get enforced for the reason that at the time of giving the evidences with regard to the oral contracts the parties to an oral contract may come into conflict with each other in the lack of written evidences of the terms of contract. This is the only disadvantage of making an oral contract. The partie s at the time of producing the evidences and the court at the time of analyzing them may find vagueness in the terms of an oral contract. This is not the case with a written contract as the terms of the contract are in written form and there is minimum probability of any ambiguity to arise. Therefore it is a good idea to put a contract into a written form so as to avoid any kind of ambiguity or vagueness with regard to the terms of the contract and thereby to diminish the chances of conflicts which may arise between the parties at the time of enforcing the contract. Another reason for making a written contract is that the parties at times also forget the negotiations and terms of the contract due to the reason of a longer span of time between the making of the contract and its enforceability. This factor also induces parties to prefer a written contract instead of an oral one. In cases of day-to-day dealing of a business or any transfer of property, it is always preferable to make a written contract (Stock, 2013). A formal contract is a contract which requires certain formalities to be fulfilled in order to make such contracts legally enforceable. Such contracts are required, by law, to be made in a formal style by following a certain manner of writing it. Therefore, a formal contract has to be essentially in a written form so as to make it legally binding. A formal contract will be valid only if it is formed in the manner required under the law. Further, in order to make such a contract valid, it does not require a consideration to be attached to it as an essential ingredient. The formal contracts may be enforceable within a period of twelve years from the date of its making (Lui, 2009). There are two types of formal contracts: Contracts of record; and Contracts under seal or contracts by deed. The first category of formal contracts that is the contracts of record are those contracts which do not require the intention or consent of the parties in order to be enforceable by law. Intention is an important ingredient to make a valid contract enforceable in the courts of law but in case of a contract of record intention of the parties is not required for the reason that the existence of such contracts may be proved by producing a record of a court. The examples of a contract of record are judgments given by the courts upon conclusion of legal proceedings or a bond filled with the court for maintaining peace or good behavior or for appearing in the court as and when required (Lui, 2009). The second category of formal contracts are the contracts under seal or contracts by deed. These category of contracts become enforceable and binding only if they have been made in the required format. Such contracts require signature and attestation by a witness who shall not be a party to the contract which he is attesting. The attestation of the contract by putting a seal upon it itself gives authentication to the document of the contract. As per law, a contract under seal is considered to be a good consideration for the purpose of contract. Some examples of a contract under seal or contract by deed are loan agreements or automobile leases(Lui, 2009). Social or domestic arrangements do not have legal significances as the parties, at the time of making the contract, do not have intention to make each other bound by law and hence these agreements are not enforceable in the courts of law. But, here, in the instant case the parties had intention of making each other legally bound as there was involvement of money consideration. When each party contributed an amount to buy the lottery ticket with a common intention to win the prize and share it in proportion of their contribution. Therefore the parties are said to have an intention to make a legally binding contract and to bind themselves with the rights and obligations attached to the terms of the contract. The courts have also made similar observations in different cases. In a case where a person who made application to buy an entry coupon for himself and two of his friends and won the prize the high court laid down that the contract was a valid contract and therefore enforceable in the courts of law. The court held that the parties had intention to bind each other legally as they were contributing a sum to buy a coupon with an intention to win the prize. Therefore, the prize has been won by all of them and every partner has a right to share the prize in the proportion of the contribution made by them to buy the coupon (Trevey v Grubb, 1982). Also in another case the court held the same opinion with regard to the buying of lottery ticket. In this case the court held that although the two other persons were not making regular contribution to buy the lottery ticket they still had intention to bound themselves in a legal contract. Therefore they have right to share the winning prize in the proportion of the contributions made by them to buy the lottery ticket (Simkins v Pays, 1955). As per the observations made by the courts in above cases can be applied in the instant case that a person who buys a lottery ticket from an amount where contribution has been made by other persons too then the former is liable to share the lottery prize that has been won with the other persons also. Such a contract is purely legal and enforceable as the parties contribute money in the form of consideration to win the prize. Therefore, the purchaser of the ticket is bound to share the lottery prize with his friends. Under the law of torts, the principle of vicarious liability involves various kinds of relationships. One among such relationship is that of a principal and agent. According to the rule of vicarious liability a principal is bound by the acts of his agent as the agent works under his complete control. It is important here to distinguish the relationship of that of a principal and agent from that of an employer and an independent contractor. In Australia, the rights of an independent contractor have been protected under the Independent Contractors Act of 2006 and Fair Work Act of 2009 (Legal Service Commission of South Australia. 2016). The legal significance of an independent contractor are different from that of an agent. Under law there are a number of differences in an agent and an independent contractor. An independent operations is a person who enters into contract for providing services to another person as distinguished from an agent who is in contract of service with his principal. The basic difference in the two types of contracts is that in a contract of service a person binds himself to another to provide services only to the latter like in case of that of a principal and agent (Ministry of Manpower, 2017). The agent works under the complete control of his employer or on his behalf. This makes the principal bound by the acts of his agent in cases of negligence committed by the latter. On the other hand, in a contract for service the independent contractor, as the name suggests, works independent from the control of his employer (Queensland Government, 2016). The former works on his own terms and conditions and is not bound by the words of the employer. The employer can only suggest what work he wants and not the method to do that work as is the case in that of a principal agent relationship. The employer is not vicariously liable for any damage to a third party resulting from the negligence of the independent contractor as the latter is working for the former and not on his behalf(Australian Government, 2016). Further an agent can work only for one principal at a time while an independent contractor can make a number of contracts with different persons at the same time for and can provide services to them simultaneously. Also the agent is employed to do all the works on behalf of his principal while the independent contractor contracts to perform a single task for his employer (Australi an Government. (n.d.)). Reference List: Australian Government. (n.d.). Independent contractrors and employees. Retrieved from: https://www.fairwork.gov.au/how-we-will-help/templates-and-guides/fact-sheets/rights-and-obligations/independent-contractors-and-employees. Australian Government. (2016). Laws affecting contracts. Retrieved from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/independent-contractors/understanding-contracts/laws-affecting-contracts. Bruce, J. (2014). What is the Requirement of business Law Legality in a Contract?. MCNA. Retrieved from https://mcna.com.au/requirement-common-law-legality-contract/ Legal Service Commission of South Australia. (2016). Employees and independent contractors. Retrieved from: https://www.lawhandbook.sa.gov.au/ch18s02.php. Lui, S. S. (2009). The roles of competence trust, formal contract, and time horizon in interorganizational learning. Organization Studies, 30(4), 333-353. Retrieved from: https://www.business.gov.au/info/plan-and-start/start-your-business/independent-contractors/understanding-contracts/types-of-contracts Ministry of Manpower. (2017). Contract of service. Retrieved from: https://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/contract-of-service Nolo. (2006). What Makes A Contract Valid?. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/2006/11/20/smallbusiness-statelaw-gifts-ent-law-cx_nl_1120contracts.html Queensland Government. (2016). Step 4 contract of services versus contract for service. Retrieved from: https://www.worksafe.qld.gov.au/insurance/which-insurance-product-is-right-for-you/accident-insurance/who-should-i-cover/worker-determination-from-1-July-2013/contract-of-services-v-contract-for-service. Simkins v Pays (1955)1 WLR 975. Stock, H. (2013). When Is A Contract Legally Binding?. Harold Stock Co. Retrieved from https://www.haroldstock.com/contracts/contract-legally-binding/ Trevey v Grubb (1982) 44 ALR 20. Treitel,G.H.(2003).Thelawofcontract.SweetMaxwell.

Friday, November 29, 2019

Deconstruction of I, Robot Essay Example

Deconstruction of I, Robot Essay Study the film I, robot and deconstruct using the key concepts. Look closely at the character played by Will Smith, how does his blackness impact on the audiences understanding of his role? I, robot is an action sci-fi film which stars Will Smith as Del Spooner. It is a futuristic view of the world and is set in the year 2035. This is a very common genre of film for Will Smith, as he has been in many action/ action sci-fi films such as Independence Day (1996), Men in Black (1997) and Enemy of State (1998). However, more recently, he has branched out into different film genres such as Shark Tale (2004) for which he did the voice over for Oscar and The Pursuit of Happyness (2006) which was a drama. He was born on the 25th September 1968 in Philadelphia. While at school he gained the nickname Prince because of his attitude and knack for getting out of trouble, he later added to this and became the Fresh Prince. Unusually this and the place he was born would later be the basis of an episodic comedy which he starred in called The Fresh Prince of Bel-air (1990) which ran for six years, and for which he also won an award for Top TV series, he was nominated twice for Best performance by an actor, twice for outstanding lead actor and many more. This was his first major break and lead to his acting career. Overall he has won 28 awards and has been nominated for 49. We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstruction of I, Robot specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstruction of I, Robot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Deconstruction of I, Robot specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer I, Robot is not a stereotypical futuristic film, although it was set 31 years in the future, it is still very realistic. There are many normal things which have just been upgraded to be futuristic. For example, the yellow police tape which section things off is still in this film, but now they are holograms instead, which subtly shows that this is the future, but it is not extremely advanced, so much so that the film would seem unreal. There is also a holographic projector which appears when Will Smith seems to be talking to an old man, but then the camera pans round so that the audience can see that it is simply a holographic image. These things slowly introduce the idea of the future to the audience. There are other objects in this film which do not fit in with the stereotypical view of the future, for example the cars do not hover and there is even a petrol fuelled motorbike. The clothes they wear in this film are very similar to the clothes we wear today. However some characters such as Calvin are wearing unusual clothes which do set them apart from people of today. For the start of the film she is wearing a shiny silver suit, which many people to associate with the future. However, the people are not outrageously different and advanced; they are still shown to be normal people by anyones standards, and although there are robots, a lot of them do normal everyday jobs, such as at the start of the film the audience can see two robots as dustmen, a dog walker and there is even a robot postman going door to door. The film opens with the audience viewing Del Spooner (Will Smith) at home, eating breakfast, having a shower, going through his normal chores and talking to his friend and going round his grandmas. This gives the audience an insight as to what he is like outside of work, it shows the audience that he is a normal person. This is when you first see his hatred for robots, when he tells his grandma, those robots arent going to do anyone any good which is then shortly followed by him chasing a robot with a handbag. This then introduces to the audience the fact that he is a police man. We then see him at work in the office, which shows the audience the two sides of his life. However it also soon becomes clear to the audience that he is suffering from survivors guilt which influences many of his actions. Will Smiths character is a police officer but, just like in Men in Black, he is not a stereotypical one. The stereotypical view of an American police officer is one who is always seen in his uniform, is overweight and is always seen to be drinking coffee and eating doughnuts rather than doing any actual work. However Will Smiths character does not conform to any of these stereotypes. He is also the only policeman who doesnt wear a uniform of some sort. In the whole film his character is a sort of black sheep, he is the only one without a uniform, the only one who believes the robots are no good, and even in his house he has a stereo which is controlled using a remote controller rather than voice recognition. The audience can tell this is obviously not normal for this time because when Calvin goes to his house and tries to figure out how to switch it on and off, she cant. It is clear that he is not comfortable with the amount of technology around him, as he says to Calvin I must be, l ike, a malfunction magnet, because your shit keeps malfunctioning around me. As with many of his films, Will Smith, rather than trying to hide it, draws attention to the fact he is black. For example, in Men in Black (in which he is also a police officer) he jumps down off a bridge onto an open top bus and he says its just raining black people in New York. It is obvious that the fact that Will Smith is black does not hinder his life or his acting and he is completely comfortable with it and it is obvious that he feels the same, in an interview about one of his previous movies he said its not a black movie or a white movie, its a movie1. I do not think that the fact he is black makes any difference to how the audience perceives his character, apart from the irony that he is so prejudice or racist to the robots. This is shown by the fact that he always makes reference to it in most of his films. In I, Robot he says at one point I mean, youre a cat, Im black and Im not going to be hurt again. The fact that he can make these comments in a film also implies that h is blackness does not really matter to the film and is not an important aspect of it. However there is one comment in I, Robot which is more serious than the others and is not said in a comic tone. Will Smith says to Calvin one look at the skin and we figure we know just whats underneath. This could just be referring to just seeing somebody and not really knowing them at all but it is more likely a reference to the fact that he is black and she is white. Will Smith does not stick to films which are primarily for coloured people, in many of his films, the lead could have been played by a person of any race, and in fact his role in Men in Black was originally cast for a white Caucasian male, which just emphasises the fact that the colour of his skin is not a major part of his role. This film is also very similar to Men in Black in many respects. For example to start with Will Smith is a police officer, and both he and his superior officer are black. In I, Robot Will Smith and Chi McBride (who plays Lt. John Bergin) are the only two black people in almost the entire film, and they are also the only people in authority. In the film the audience do see other police officers but they do not take a real role in the film, so these two men would be the highest ranking out of everyone else in the film. Everyone who is not in authority is white. This film also follows some of the theories such as Todorov and Propp. The state of equilibrium is that they all live happily with robots, which is disrupted when Dr Laninng dies and they find Sonny the robot. The recognition of the disruption is when Sonny is jailed and is suppose to be decommissioned and the attempts to repair the disruption are when Del Spooner, Calvin and Sonny kill Viki. A new equilibrium is reached when all of the robots are sent off to live away from the humans. It is also easy to see Propps theory in I, Robot. The Hero is Del Spooner, the Villain is Viki, the Donor is Sonny and the Helper is Calvin etc. however interestingly there is no romantic plot which does go against Propps theory.

Monday, November 25, 2019

The causal association of regular Cannabis intake and the premature onset of psychotic symptoms in adolescents. The WritePass Journal

The causal association of regular Cannabis intake and the premature onset of psychotic symptoms in adolescents. Introduction: The causal association of regular Cannabis intake and the premature onset of psychotic symptoms in adolescents. Introduction:Aims:Objectives:Methodology:Inclusion exclusion criteriaRisk Assessment: Statistical Analysis and data presentation:COSHH:References:Related Introduction: Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the UK with 31 per cent of male’s ages 16 – 19 years and 24 per cent of females in the same age category using cannabis.1 Cannabis is derived from the cannabis plant ‘Cannabis Sativa.’ There are about 400 chemical compounds in an average cannabis plant. The most active ingredient of the plant derivative is tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The potency of this chemical is indicated by the fact that the average street sample of cannabis contains less than 5 THC. Some samples are considerably higher in THC content thus; effects from the drug vary according to its quality, meaning its THC content. The flowering parts of the plant contain the greatest amounts of THC. One type, skunk, can be particularly potent as it contains two to three time as much THC as other types. The newer varieties of cannabis are, on the whole, two or three times stronger than those were available 30 years ago.The recreational drug cannabis c omes in many forms: herbal, resin, powder and oil and is known by many slang terms, including weed, pot, grass and hash. It is usually rolled into a cigarette known as a joint, but can also be smoked in a pipe, brewed as a tea or mixed with food. Cannabis was re-classified in January 2009 and is now a Class B drug under the Misuse of Drugs Act, 1971, and penalties for regularly being caught with the drug can be severe.2 Users find the relaxing properties of cannabis comforting and encourage further use; however 1 in 10 cannabis users have unpleasant experiences, including confusion, hallucinations, anxiety and paranoia.3 The same person may have either pleasant or unpleasant effects depending on their mood and circumstances.  These feelings are usually  only temporary – although as the drug can stay in the system for some weeks, yet these side effects very rarely act as a deterrent for users. Cannabis or its derivatives may also be used as a medical treatment. For instan ce, cannabis appears to be able to help reduce the side effects of chemotherapy treatment, although not more so than other already established medications. A report by the House of Lords Science and Technology Committee recommended the use of cannabis for medicinal purposes. However, the British Medical Association (BMA) did not give the report 100 per cent support and believes only cannabinoids carefully identified chemical derivatives of the cannabis plant should be used in medicine.4  Although cannabis does not cause physiological dependence it can however cause psychological dependence. Cannabis does have some features of some addictive drugs such as tolerance – having to smoke more and more to get the same effect and withdrawal symptoms usually seen in heavier cannabis users. There is increasing evidence that the consumption of cannabis poses many health risks especially amongst adolescents (time where the human brain is still developing) and in particular is frequen tly linked with the increased risk of mental illness (psychosis). The term â€Å"psychosis† refers to a medical condition that affects the mind in which there has been some loss of contact with reality.5 The experience of psychosis varies greatly from person to person, so that individuals experiencing psychosis may well have different symptoms. A study by Sembhi Lee (1999) estimated that as many as 86% of individuals who experience psychosis have experimented with cannabis at some point.6 Psychosis affects an individual’s thoughts, feelings and behaviours and is quite a common medical condition that affects 3% of the population (affects men/women equally). One particular study that suggests using cannabis as a teenager or young adult increases the risk of psychosis was that carried out by Professor Jim van Os from Maastricht University in the Netherlands, and included researchers from the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland and the UK.7 They excluded anyone who reported cannabis use or pre-existing psychotic symptoms at the start of the study, which took place in Germany. The participants in the study, aged between 14 and 24, were assessed for cannabis use and psychotic symptoms at three points over a 10-year period. It found that cannabis use significantly increased the risk of psychotic symptoms, even when other factors such as socio-economic status, use of different drugs and other psychiatric conditions were taken into account. Aims: To investigate the effects of regular cannabis intake during adolescence and the occurrence of psychotic symptoms. Research the effects of cannabis on people with towards predisposition of Psychosis To examine critically the evidence that cannabis causes psychosis using established criteria of causality. Objectives: To examine the evidence that cannabis use causes chronic psychotic disorders by using established criteria of causality. These criteria were defined by: biologic plausibility, strength of the interaction between the risk factor and the disease, reliability of the results, temporal sequence between the exposure to the risk factor and the beginning of the disease and existence of a dose-effect relationship. Null hypothesis: There is no association between the onset of psychotic symptoms during adolescence due to the regular intake of cannabis. Alternative hypothesis: Regular cannabis intake during adolescence results in the onset of psychotic symptoms.    Methodology: In order to establish whether there is any association between the regular intake of cannabis and the development of psychotic symptoms in adolescence, this report aims to analyse data that has been collected using quantitative  methods and then  published in research articles. Quantitative methods will prove the most reliable and obtain the best results as analysing statistics and data gained from experiments will provide particular estimates to either support or reject my hypothesis, however the conclusions that can be drawn from previous quantitative research in this area are limited. The sample frame for these particular studies will all include adolescents range (12yrs – 24yrs) and the majority of subjects in most studies are male, the limitations of this is that many of these studies are quite old and do not give a true representation of society today seeing that many more females smoke cannabis than they did in previous years. In this case qualitative research will provide richer detail and present valuable information than perhaps any other method would do; qualitative methods may include observations over several years, or focus groups, information obtained may well complement quantitative data. The use of qualitative methods provides the possibility for the exploration of personal meaning of experiences in a way that the use of predetermined categories does not. Published and unpublished articles identified through computerised searches of the following electronic databases will also be examined, some of these include: Science Direct, PubMed, PsychInfo and ISI Web of Knowledge (ISI Web of Science and ISI Proceedings). There are ample amounts of information found on the internet; looking at all the information would prove difficult. In this case â€Å"key words† are necessary in order to gain a range of information, some examples of key terms that may be used when carrying out a Web search/ locating studies are: (CANNABIS) or (CANNABI S USE) or (MARIJUANA) or (HASHISH) or (HASH) or (GANJA) combined with (PSYCHOTIC), (PSYCHOSIS) and (SCHIZOPHRENIA). The following health organisations may also prove useful: World Health Organisation (WHO), British Medical Association (BMA) and UK Public Health Association (UKPHA). Other sources that may provide evidence are journals or published books that can be found in the library, Psychology books that cover psychosis in particular; schizophrenia will supply me with an insight into people with a biological predisposition towards schizophrenia and how their risks significantly increase by using cannabis. Inclusion exclusion criteria Inclusion criteria are the standards used to determine whether a person may be allowed to participate in a clinical trial. Participating subjects English speaking, both male and female, aged 12years to 24years. Participants who have used cannabis in the past, as well as current cannabis users will be included. Participants will not be excluded on the basis of being poly drug users. Exclusion criteria: Subject with other medical conditions (serious neurological/medical disorder), using any medication, or have a predisposition towards psychosis. Other exclusion criteria includes, serious risk of self harm to self or others, mental retardation IQ (70 with functional impairment). Any individuals that have experienced childhood trauma before the age of 12 years will be excluded and also any individuals with a lifetime presence of any psychotic symptoms. Risk Assessment: As this project is going to be a dissertation, there are not as many risks involved as there would be in performing a practical. The risks which I need to take into account are the ones involved with spending long hours on a computer and sitting in a single place for hours on end. The risks that I need to be aware of are as follows: General Wires and other tripping hazards (if I am going to be around electricals e.g. computers) Adjustable lighting for comfort and to reduce eye strain No flickering lights as this could cause migraines and headaches Well lit room if I am going to be reading large amounts of texts Comfortable working temperature (16-20 °C) Adequate ventilation to avoid overheating and dehydrating Plenty of refreshments to maintain hydration and focus Windows should have blinds/ curtains Enough space to move around to help blood flow Perform finger stretching exercise, move wrists and stretch legs frequently Personal   Desk at the right height to avoid back pains and discomfort Enough leg room to avoid jet lag Use a foot rest if necessary Ensure desk has enough space for equipment/ books and papers Ensure chair is stable and fully adjustable Computer – Ensure monitor can be tilted in all direction to avoid eye strain neck pain Make sure screen is clear and readable Use a glare filter if required for the screen Make sure monitor’s brightness and contrast can be adjusted Ensure keyboard is adjustable, clears clearly visible and non reflective Ensure enough space to rest the arms and wrist to avoid repetitive strain injuryEnsure software is suitable for the task Statistical Analysis and data presentation: As this is not an experiment but rather a research based dissertation there is not much numerical data to be collected. I will gain information displayed in bar charts or pie charts to show the number of adolescents smoking cannabis in today’s society compared to previous years. I would produce a bar chart on how cannabis smoking amongst adolescents has changed over the past ten years, and extrapolate the graph (Drawn by hand) to estimate what the figures of adolescents smoking cannabis will be in a few years (if applicable). I will also try gaining figures on how much the government spends on prevention methods, public awareness and rehabilitation centres and how that has changed over the last ten years and extrapolate the graph (Drawn by hand) to see how much it could go up/ down to in the years to come. Examples of some of the statistical techniques I may use are: correlation to compare to variables (smoking cannabis as an adolescent and the development of psychotic symptoms). From the results, tables etc I will discuss any patterns that have emerged and compare these to findings of other published articles. A Metasynthesis approach will be employed. Metasynthesis can be described as a process of blending a group of qualitative studies in order to discover the common essence and is thought to promote fuller knowledge of the subject area. I would gather information on the number of adolescents that smoke cannabis and compare them to UK figures. COSHH: See form attached Timeline: May- June = Research the definitions of psychosis/ and the different types of cannabis available (potency? Is there a higher risk?). June- July = Research the affect of cannabis on the brain and the body, importance of adolescent years. July-Aug  Ã‚   = Study published literature in research articles/studies Aug-Sep  Ã‚  Ã‚   = Gain information on Law’s, prevention rehabilitation centres, NHS Sep-Oct  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   = Gain information on statistics e.g. cannabis smoking habits, other countries Amsterdam, number of adolescents Oct-Nov  Ã‚  Ã‚   = Research methods of past cannabis smoking trends (common amongst hippies 60’s) how attitudes have changed Nov-Dec  Ã‚   = Work out by analysing data and discussing data, things such as the time public opinion will change etc, prove hypothesis/ null hypothesis Dec-Jan  Ã‚  Ã‚   = Formal write up first draft Jan-Feb  Ã‚  Ã‚   = Formal write up second draft and hand in References: statistics.gov.uk/cci/nugget.asp?id=719 bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/addictions/cannabis.shtml rcpsych.ac.uk/mentalhealthinfo/problems/alcoholanddrugs/cannabis.aspx bbc.co.uk/health/emotional_health/addictions/cannabis.shtml cannabisandpsychosis.ca/index.php?id=32 Sembhi, S. Lee, J.W.Y. (1999)  Cannabis use in psychotic patients.  Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,  33, 529 –532. BMJ-British Medical Journal (2011, March 3). Cannabis use precedes the onset of psychotic symptoms in young peo

Thursday, November 21, 2019

To what extent has globalisation impacted upon local identities Essay

To what extent has globalisation impacted upon local identities Illustrate your argument with an original example - Essay Example It is the picture perfect integrated transfer of goods and people across the globe. It is the opening up of a country’s economy to the rest of the world and become a part of the global economy. It is the opening up of a country to foreign investment. It is the easy access of a country’s citizens to the rest of the world to travel for business and retreat. Globalization is based on the speculation that countries are not perfect in the manufacture of all goods, every country has some faults therefore it would be best if countries traded globally with each other and export their best products to a country which does not have a good quality of that product. For example, if a country is good at manufacturing something, it would be best for the company to export that good to a country which is not as efficient in the production of that good. Similarly, the latter country could export a particular good at whose manufacture they excel at and export it to the former country if i t lacks the manufacturing excellence of that product. It is a win-win situation for all the countries involved. Globalization also pertains to the subscription and application of the rules and procedures set by the World Trade Organization or WTO. WTO looks over the transactions between two trading countries. Globalization is a phenomenon that has gained speed and there won’t be an end to it, and it would benefit the countries greatly who are a part of it (Ritzer G., 2010). As globalization is a global phenomenon, it has affected every aspect of life and every element that is a part of the economy. It has greatly changed the style of living of people throughout the world. Those changes are both negative and positive. Since globalization is access to goods from around the globe, local manufacturers are in the constant fear that they would be out of business because people have easy access to imported goods and that the local manufacturers become less viable. For example, a far mer who lived off by selling his local products made at his small piece of land or the some area allotted to him by the landlord would be put out of place if the same product from a foreign manufacturer is available at a cheaper or a relatively cheaper price. Globalization not only replaces local products with foreign ones and allows easy access to foreign products; it also exposes international cultures to the rest of the world through music, art, literature, movies and poetry etc. This exposure to foreign cultures is a cause of constantly bringing about changes in the local culture, values and traditions. Although there is no general agreement on the affects of globalization on local identities, the general opinion is that exposure to foreign culture upon local identities will minimize the effect of the local identities and they might fade out (Anon 2013). The effect globalization had on the local identities is mostly taken into consideration as negative. Globalization has commonl y been represented as the obliteration of the local identities and culture. It can be correlated with the overpowering strength of some foreign cultures which can easily overshadow other cultures with their own. At the outburst of globalization, western consumer culture started to spread at an alarming speed. Critics are of the opinion that even if globalization has led to an increase and improvement in the material aspects of life, it certainly has diminished the cultural and spiritual aspects and they fear if this

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Leadership in management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Leadership in management - Essay Example Opposed to this trait theory of leadership, evolved a system of understanding called the behavioural theories of leadership. Behavioural theories of leadership are based upon the idea that great leaders are made, not born. Rooted in behaviourism, this leadership theory focuses on the actions of leaders, not on mental qualities or internal states. According to this theory, people can learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. Conditioning occurs through interaction with the environment. According to behaviourism, behaviour can be studied in a systematic and observable manner with no consideration of internal mental states. Behavioral theories of leadership do not seek inborn traits or capabilities. Rather, they look at what leaders actually do. If success can be defined in terms of describable actions, then it should be relatively easy for other people to act in the same way. This is easier to teach and learn then to adopt the more ephemeral traits or capabilities. Thus , Behavioral leadership is a big leap from Trait Theory, in that it assumes that leadership capability can be learned, rather than being inherent. This opens the floodgates to leadership development, as opposed to simple psychometric assessment that sorts those with leadership potential from those who will never have the chance. A behavioral theory is relatively easy to develop, as you simply assess both leadership success and the actions of leaders. With a large enough study, you can then correlate statistically significant behaviors with success.

Monday, November 18, 2019

Kitchen design Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Kitchen design - Essay Example There are some types of kitchens, such as, contemporary style kitchens, in which a small dining table is placed inside a kitchen. All of these functions need special attention when designing a new kitchen for a house. In this paper, we will discuss some of the major kitchen designs in order to get an understanding of the advantages, disadvantages, uses, and other points related to them. â€Å"There are as many kitchen design styles today as there are kitchens, since designs may be eclectic or highly customized by combining different looks† (Cyprus n.d.). Some of the major kitchen designs include one-way gallery, two-way gallery, L-style, and U-style. All of these kitchens are different in their designs and appearance. The area covered by each of the kitchen designs also vary from each style to another style. Let us discuss all of these designs of kitchens in some detail. A one-way kitchen is usually the smallest of all kitchens as far as area is concerned. However, it serves all of the three major functions of a kitchen, which include preparation, cooking, and storage. One of the main features of this kitchen design is that the major functions are set to function along a single wall. No other wall of the kitchen serves main functions of a kitchen. For example, the refrigerator, the stove or oven, and the sink are all placed at one side of the kitchen. There are usually some cabinets that are placed at the upper side of the wall. This is a good arrangement of a kitchen’s major functions if the area is small and one likes to have a beautiful kitchen even in that small area. Such kitchens are ideal for condominiums and small apartments where there is short space and minimal cooking. Even in single-family homes, such kitchens serve well for the residents. A two-way kitchen is usually bigger in area as compared to one-way kitchens. One of the main features of this kitchen design is that two walls perform the main functions of the kitchen. The

Saturday, November 16, 2019

The Youth In Christian Leadership

The Youth In Christian Leadership You are the light of the world. A city on a hill cannot be hidden. This is one of many ways that Jesus describes the bold contrast between Christians and the rest of the world. It is a difference that should be as clear as night and day, but rarely is the case with Christians in the world nowadays. Most non-believers use words such as hypocritical, sheltered, and judgmental to describe Christians. (Kinnaman, 2007) The very things that Christ warned us not to become are the exact same things we are viewed as today. One of the biggest reasons for the skepticism of Christianity today is the ignorance of our own faith. Believers are not getting into the word, and it shows in society. Many Christians cannot answer basic questions when asked about their faith, and even if they can, many are not living out those beliefs. (Kinnaman, 2007) Ignoring our faith has led to a religion of mixed up morals and hypocrites, and has largely contributed to the scorn towards Christianity. These vices are slowly being passed down from the modern adults of today to the developing Christian youth. It is therefore paramount to look for avenues to reverse this situation and get back to inspiring hope in a culture full of cynicism. This will enable us to form a platform for Christian leadership among our youth. Christian leadership as a virtue comes in many forms and traits. A leader is a dealer in hope. (Napoleon Bonaparte) On the other hand, according to (Means, 2000), servant leadership is a leadership philosophy that implies a comprehensive view of the quality of people, work and community spirit. Servant leadership greatly requires a spiritual understanding of identity, mission, vision and the environment. (Greenleaf, 2012) A servant leader is one who is servant first, who has responsibility to be in the world, and contributes to the well-being of people and the community. A servant leader looks to the needs of the people and asks how he or she can help them solve their problems and promote personal development. He or she places his main focus on people, because only content and motivated people are able to reach their targets and to fulfill the set expectations. The concept of servant leadership is crucial for youth in Christian leadership as it enables one understand themselves first so they can learn to understand others and serve them. Thereafter people gain trust in the leader and begin to work towards the intended goal. (Berkley, 2005) The goals of a Christian leader should be to bring glory to God with their existence, evangelize, advance the kingdom, and encourage others to grow in their relationship with Christ. There are certain base characteristics that all Christian leaders must possess if they wish to be stewards of the Gospel, inspire hope among the nations, and ultimately accomplish their goals. Submission to God must be the starting point for each individual. We must allow God to lead us and shape our lives to fit his desires if we wish to leave an impact on this world. This requires one to be daily seeking and engaging with God in prayer and in His Word. It is our actions and choices in life that define how others see us, and ultimately decide the kind of impact we leave on the world. These actions and choices are largely shaped by what we believe in and value. By allowing the Bible to shape them, a spiritual maturity will begin to flourish within the heart of a leader. They will begin to see the world as God sees it, and they will begin to see every person living on this world today as a beautiful and valuable creation of God. (Hybels, 2009) Furthermore, according to (Berkley, 2005) leaders will understand the implications of sin and how it separates us from God, which will create a longing to help others be reconciled. A leader must strive to be an example for others by trying to obediently follow Gods commands and exhorting others to do so, but also must be careful not to fall into judgment. (Berkley, 2005) Instead, they learn to love others unconditionally as Christ would have, serving the people and working patiently with them to help them see the need of God in their life. Raising young leaders for Christian leadership is a challenging process. Raising and developing young leaders mainly entails inculcating Christian values in them at a tender age, encouraging them to participate in church activities so they can understand leadership from a Christian perspective, and ensuring they attain the right academic skills to enable them compete with the world. IMPORTANCE OF PREPARING YOUTH FOR CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP Ministry with young people has never been more important. Ever-increasing local, national and global concerns demand that schools must do more than prepare young people as responsible citizens. (Adair, 2001) says that schools and in particular, institutions of higher learning must prepare young people as emerging leaders with a civic conscience who proactively seek solutions to issues such as increased poverty, the plight of refugees, terrorism, climate change, and corporate greed. With reference to Christian leadership, ministry can be broken down to three parts namely: Youth ministry, Campus ministry and Student ministry. Youth ministry (Fernando, 2000) describes youth ministry as a formalized Church-based program that is clearly centered on young people. He presents a framework for youth ministry based on three goals. These goals are firstly, to foster the personal and spiritual growth of each young person, secondly, to draw young people into responsible participation in the life, mission and work of the church community, and thirdly, to empower young people to live as disciples of Jesus Christ in the world today. The goals are advanced through six focus areas: prayer and worship, evangelization, community life, justice and service, leadership development, and advocacy (Fernando, 2000, Leaders for tomorrows world pp. 7). These goals build on one another and are paramount for good Christian leadership. In addition, they are important as they help bring up an all-rounded and well-versed Christian leader who can combat the challenges of the modern society. Campus ministry The focus of Christian ministry among the youth is greatly aimed at young men and women in college and university making campus ministry a focal point in developing Christian leaders. Campus ministry has four main elements according to (Nanko, 1997). These are: a focus on young people, the ministry takes place in the context of an educational institution, the various programs attempt to challenge the faith life or spirituality of students into active participation, and the campus minister is central to the effective running of the ministry. Young people in campus should be encouraged to integrate ministry with their field of study so as to learn how to be most effective in society. A good example is seen in Christian universities where students from several disciplines attend chapel on a regular basis to facilitate spiritual growth. This enables the students to develop as Christian leaders and grow to other levels of campus ministry like: missions, evangelism and regular participation in church related activities which facilitates interaction with other young students in ministry. Student ministry This nature of ministry involves working with young people in a school setting. It frequently incorporates many of the programs associated with youth ministry and campus ministry. Such programs include: student leadership development, service-learning and social justice, retreats, prayer and reflection. (Means, 2000) In this respect, student ministry, youth ministry and campus ministry have strong connections. The main differences lie in the explicit leadership focus inherent in all student ministry programs, the mentoring role which teachers adopt when working with students, and the leadership responsibilities that many students exercise when working with fellow students. A good illustration of student ministry is seen in campuses where students take up leadership roles in the church and handle activities such as: praise and worship, bible study, event planning and preaching. This enables the leaders to gain experience in church related activities while under the mentorship of senio r church leaders and teachers. In addition, the leaders learn to take responsibility being in positions of leadership, inculcate discipline within their lives and grow closer to God at a personal level. CHALLENGES IN PREPARING YOUTH FOR CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP In the process of maintaining the authentic character of Christian leadership, leaders face many challenges. Many of them are perennial, given with the very character of Christian leadership as being rooted in God and directed toward the good of the world. These challenges may occur when people assume positions of Christian leadership for the wrong reasons that include: power, prestige, and personal gain rather than as a result of the call of God. These challenges can be further broken down into three key areas: The will of God, the authority of the church and time management. The will of God In most cases, Christian leaders have responded to a genuine call of God, but may have lost sight of their calling and their fundamental character as beings translucent to God. When this happens, leaders are deprived of the animating power of God to continually ground and sustain leadership in the life of God, as stated in (Kinnaman, 2007). And yet, since they are religious leaders, they often have to act as if they have already actualized what they are preaching in their own lives, as if they are bringing the message somehow from God. Instead of real ascent in Gods word, there is a pretense of ascent mostly not intentional, but negligent and usually a result of the pressures of responsibilities, the accumulated force of disappointments, and many other reasons leading to the gradual erosion of faith. (Nanko, 2001) Young Christian leaders face the very real dangers associated with modern culture head on. Increased expectations, time constraints, developing disciples in an increasingly secular society, and an entire host of dangers in personal and professional life abound. Many of the pressures to which young leaders succumb, causing personal burnout and fatigue, are as a result of personal mismanagement. (Berkley, 2005) We each have decisions to make with regard to how much and in what way will own these expectations and perceived pressures. Authority of the church The great authority of the Church resides in the power of the testimony of Jesus. In a modern culture which asserts that truth is relative, it is difficult for a Christian leader to begin to lead a person into Gods will for their life when at a foundational level they do not recognize that the testimony of Jesus is unique and trustworthy. The modern worldview influenced by Western liberal culture, which is common in various forms today, presents a great challenge for Christian leaders as seen in (Hybels, 2009) and can only be controlled by continual spiritual nourishment and constant prayer. Time management Personal time management is crucial to ones successful usage of their time. Dangers are very real in modern Christian leadership. In order to have the strength to stand, young Christian leaders must manage their efforts in such a way as to properly manage themselves. (Nanko, 2001) Christian leaders face temptations of every kind to fall into sin. As the modern culture becomes increasingly celebrity based, young leaders in ministry face the real temptation of pride. In order to avoid burnout, fatigue, and temptation to sin, (Means, 2000) suggests that Christian leaders must remain grounded in the Lords strength and provision. The management of personal and professional time is central to this. We must make time for God, family, and personal rest and development in order to stay alert and healthy for the work of the kingdom. RECOMMENDATIONS REGARDING PREPARING YOUTH FOR CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP Reading widely and having a good command of language According to (Fernando, 2000), in the coming years we will need well-educated young men and women. Therefore a young, aspiring Christian leader should read widely, ranging from people they agree with to people they dont agree with. All things being equal, the people who can speak with confidence and who can write clearly will rise to the top in any field. (Fernando, 2000) also recommends taking speech classes as well as taking advantage of technology as far as writing is concerned as it gives one a huge advantage in this generation. Identifying ones strengths and making good decisions Identifying ones strengths varies from one individual to another in terms of time. (Means, 2000) says that, In the beginning, you naturally think you can do everything. You cant. Youll learn that the hard way. Find out what you do that God blesses and keep on doing it. A young leader should not get stuck in the trap of thinking that they have to be a pastor or a teacher or a missionary forever as we are past the days when people would stay in the same position for a lifetime. As a Christian leader, one should understand that their only call is to serve the Lord in whatever way he or she chooses. Therefore it is important to remain flexible. Beware of envy and learn how to be all-round In the game of life, we are all constantly being compared to everyone around us. We, especially church leaders are being measured, quantified, and examined to see how well we are doing versus those around us and there is nothing we can do about it. (Adair, 2004), Envy tends to be the sin of moderately successful people and one should pray to be delivered from it as it destroys joy and makes one a miserable person. When beginning church ministry, one is rarely able to specialize and should learn how to be a jack of all trades and a master of a few. Travel In todays world, diversity is the order of the day and the future belongs to those who have multicultural experience. Aspiring Christian leaders should be encouraged to participate in a semester exchange program and study abroad. The experience gained by learning about other cultures, and a different people in a different setting is priceless as (Fernando, 2000) puts it. In addition, it gives one new vision for the global cause of Christ. CONCLUSION Christian leadership is indeed challenging especially for young aspiring leaders but with the right approach and guidance one can succeed in the field. As John F. Kennedy said, Leadership and learning are indispensable to each other. It is important for all young aspiring leaders to recognize that leadership is a learning process and that the more one learns, the more they earn the right to lead.